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To
the east side of the road leading up the hill from Hawkesbury lies Hill
Close (11); remaining platforms exist here which indicate the
presence at one time of as many as twenty cottages which would have linked
Hawkesbury with the settlement around the pool. The last of these cottages
disappeared in the mid-20th century.
Standing adjacent to the church, The Old Vicarage (12) has
been identified as a Priest’s House of the 14th century by its surviving
high quality and massive roof timbers - a date confirmed by the many pieces
of medieval roof tile found in the garden. A Priest’s House is known
to have existed on this site with two meadows and a garden since 1226
at least. Pottery sherds found in the yard indicate the existence of other
early medieval buildings.
In the field opposite The Old Vicarage is the site of Hawkesbury
Manor (13). The Manor House itself, now lost, is of unknown date,
but was probably built after the dissolution of the Abbey of Pershore
in 1539, perhaps by John Butler (Boteler) of Badminton, to whom the manor
of Hawkesbury was granted by Henry VIII in 1546.
Sir Robert Atkyns refers to a ‘large old-built house near the church’
in 1712, which had ‘gone to decay’ by 1779 according to Samuel
Rudder. The manor house was acquired in the early 17th century by the
Jenkinson family whose descendants included Sir Robert Banks Jenkinson,
the 2nd Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister of England 1812 - 1827.
The Church of St. Mary the Virgin (14) - The chancel
is predominantly Early English in style with some later windows inserted.
A priest’s door, with a sixteenth century head to the arch and a
later door hood, has been inserted at the western end of the chancel.
The large nave, fronted by a large two-storey Perpendicular porch, houses
Perpendicular windows in a much older wall. The remaining older window
lintels, formed by arches of small elongated stones set on edge, can be
seen over the newer square-headed openings. It is likely that this wall
is of twelfth century date. There are also signs of the render which would
have covered the outer walls: plaster and limewash were applied even to
good quality stonework in the past in order to preserve and ‘feed’
the stone.
Renovation in later years is commemorated just below the north west nave
window by a plain stone incised E.R.1710, above a patch of newer masonry.
The north porch has a drain for the upper storey and a chimney concealed
in an ornament on the wall above. The tower has a base and west door of
Early English work, rising into a square tower with a Perpendicular west
window. A spirelet was added over the south east stair turret in the nineteenth
century.
The earlier porch (although not the earliest door) is on the south wall.
A thirteenth century coffin cover is set on the eastern side of the door.
This would originally have been set flush with the ground, probably somewhere
inside the church, but was recycled in the fourteenth century when the
porch was built. Such rapid re-use of older stones was not uncommon, and
may indicate that the church floor was altered at the time of building.
On the same side of the door are two pre-reformation scratch dials. Scratch
dials were a simple form of sundial; when the shadow touched a line it
was time to say a mass. The dials were often re-cut in an attempt to improve
their accuracy - hence the second dial. An eighteenth century sundial
is set above the south porch door. On the other side of the building the
north doorway incorporates both Saxon elements, in the form of two slender
pillars and their bases, and Norman, in the dog-tooth decoration of the
arch. To the right, as one faces the doorway, is a mutilated holy water
stoup.
Signs of extensions to the church, now demolished, can be found in the
corner between the tower and the south porch, where a small hood piece
indicates the former presence of either a door or small annex in that
corner. Further along the south wall a similar hood piece high on the
wall shows the position of the external rood stair.
The field directly South of the Church is known as Hinnocks - derived
from a medieval name meaning a field temporarily enclosed for agriculture
- usually the central field of the manor, being the only one in continuous
cultivation.
Just acroos the road from the church lies Church Farm (15).
This was Hawkesbury’s Church House dating from at least 1506. It
was given to the churchwardens of the parish by the Abbot of Pershore
and his community for the use of the parishioners. Very few church houses
exist in recognizable form today. They were functional rather than decorative
buildings, built on land very close to the church, and were large enough
to hold a crowd of people. Ale was brewed on the premises or close by,
and was sold to raise revenue for the church. Lively gatherings known
as ‘Church Ales’ were held on feast days providing an opportunity
for parishioners to eat, drink, dance and make merry until late evening
( after they had attended the morning church service of course!). Money
raised from Church Ales was at the disposal of the two churchwardens (an
unpaid post, held for a year), who had the responsibility of running the
church house, and the sole responsibility of maintaining the fabric of
the church. The various functions of Hawkesbury’s church house are
detailed in a 16th century document at the Public Record Office (PRO STAC
3/1/50). The “howse calid Church Howse” was used
to store corn and grain “and also tymbre and other necessaries
things for the reperacions of the church” all of which “dydd
lie in the church howse savely to be kepte and savid ther”.
Food and probably accommodation were provided for “eny pore
man in his olde age not able to geate his leving”. The church
house also provided the venue for the gathering of mourners after a funeral.
“The said p’ishe is very wyde some ii or iii myles from
the p’ishe churche and usyally beryethe the deade bodies at the
seid churche, and often tymes when the people bring the deade bodyes to
the seid churche and hath buryed the corpse, frends of the deade may geve
bred chese and drink at the seid church howse”.
Church houses were usually rectangular and of one storey, but were frequently
altered to provide two storeys. The upper room with its open timber roof
would have been the meeting room.
The oldest, and central part of Church Farm (lying at right angles to
the road), would have been the original church house. The roof timbers,
complete with their windbraces, are of high quality (as befits a building
given to the parish by the abbot of an important Benedictine monastery)
and may still be seen above the present ceiling.
The large ‘malthouse wing (lying to the NE and parallel to the road)
was added in the 17th century.
A church house needed a bakehouse as well as a brewhouse, and at Church
Farm this has survived as a small tent-shaped annexe at the end of the
farmhouse. Originally detached, it is thought to have been built in the
late 16th century, when it was single-storeyed and thatched. Such detached
exterior ‘kitchens’ were built to reduce the risk of fire
to the main house, and surviving examples are rare.
Medieval fish ponds (16) - the three great fish ponds
behind Church Farm have been confirmed as medieval. It has been suggested
that an overshot mill may once have stood at the end of the ponds.
In the British Library are references to the breeding of fish and the
maintenance of the ponds. Also referred to is the saw pit, which still
exists near the upper pond, and which was dug at a cost of 7 shillings
(35p) in 1731.
To the northeast of Church Farm is a building which was used in the 18th
century as the Manor Carpenter’s Shop, but may well have been ‘the
little stable, commonly called the old stable’ referred to in articles
of agreement of 1669.
Hawkesbury Pound (17) was used for the confinement of
stray beasts at a time when separate pounds were maintained in each tithing.
Court Farm (18) - It is believed that this was one of
the most important buildings in Hawkesbury; known as the Nether Court
(nether = lower), it was the hub of manorial life. Rents were paid here,
heriots (originally two of the best beasts) were delivered here on the
death of a tenant, stray animals were held in the pound, and it was here
that the manorial courts were held. The Court Leet dealing with petty
law and order being held twice a year and the Court Baron dealing with
transfer of tenants’ land and with customs of the manor, rather
more frequently. A panelled downstairs room (to the west of the front
door) is thought to have been the court room.
In 1506 the Bailiff and Woodward, a father and son both named Thomas Pecher,
were expected to find for the Abbot of Pershore or his steward “comyng
to the Nethercourt for courts kepyng and recyvyng of rents”,
“sufficient heye and litter and grasses for theyre horses at
every tyme of theyr comyng”. From the back of Court Farm a
hollow way known as ‘Frog Lane’ leads up to Gallows Hill.
A route for the condemned perhaps?
Hawkesbury and Inglestone Commons (19) - these extensive
commons with their typical settlement pattern of small groups of cottages
and farms around the edges, are ancient landscape features which have
survived unchanged for a millennium. Commons were part of the “waste”
of a manor, not suitable for arable or rich meadow land. Hawkesbury Common
was known as “Hawkesburye’s More”, and Inglestone
Common as “Inguston Greene”, “The Green
Common”, or even “The Grosse Common of Hawkesbury
below the Hill”.
The traditional grazing period of beasts on the commons was regulated
by manorial custom, as were their number and type. Animals do not respect
parish boundaries, as this account from 1603 shows: “the wastes
of these two manors (Hawkesbury and Horton) do abutt each upon
the other divided only with a little brook or ford through which cattle
have used time out of mind to wade or stray through into the other common”.
At fixed times of the year the Lord of the Manor could “drive”
the common and “if he findeth any cattle of the tenants of Horton
then he impound them and for any beasts the owner do paye a poundpenny
before they have had these cattle again delivered”.
Park Fields (20) - In common with the majority of medieval
manors Hawkesbury had its Deer Park. Evidence that it once existed survives
in a handful of field names: Rough Park, Lower Park, Park Meadow. Traces
also exist of the boundary, or Park Pale (a pronounced earthwork bank
originally set with a fence of wooden palings to contain deer). The north-west
corner of the Park, for example, is seen as a large bank near the bottom
of the hill at Orange End. No evidence survives for the date of the Park’s
creation or its demise, but by the 16th century the 80 or so acres were
being sub-divided and enclosed. In 1506 Park Meadow was described as “a
parcel of medowe lyinge in the parke ther, callydde Parkemede”.
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